Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with energy in action. It deals with heat
and work and the energy processed by the system under study. It also tries to find the amount
of disorder associated with a substance.

Heat transfer is a phenomenon where by there will be transfer of heat from one point in
the space to another point due to temperature gradient or due to density gradient.
The subject heat transfer and thermodynamics differs from each other due to the fact that
thermodynamics deals with the total heat that is transferred where as the heat transfer deals with
the heat transfer rate.

Engines are devices that give work output utilizing the energy that a system stores. Depending
on the different parameters the engines are classified into different categories. IC engines are
classified based on different parameters and are as listed below Classification of I.C. Engines.

Refrigeration is the process of cooling a substance below the temperature of the atmosphere.
There are different methods of achieving refrigeration. 

Air conditioning refers to the conditioning of air with respect to the water content and
temperature. Atmospheric air contains traces of water in the form of vapour. This content of
vapour is dependent on temperature. The maximum value of vapour that the atmospheric air can
carry will increase with increase in temperature.

There are different methods of transferring energy from one point to another. Among them
the most popular mechanical power transmission devices are the belts, ropes, chain drives and
the gears.

There are different type of energy resources and are primarily classified as given below and
is based on the possibility of renewability of energy sources.

Hydraulic turbines are those turbines that make use of water as the working substance. In
this type of turbines the head [potential] available in water is used. There are three main types
of turbines used depending on the head availability they are discussed next.

Turbines are devices that produce work utilizing the energy stored in a fluid. The basic
working feature of the turbines is that there will be a obstruction in the path of a fluid flow. The
fluid will overcome this restriction by moving the obstruction out from its path. The position of
the obstruction will be changed and hence work will be done. The fluid will have to loose some
energy to do this work. The fluid then continues its movement with lesser energy. Since the
restriction is connected to a shaft at the centre, the restriction will make the shaft rotate.

They are devices used to take a fluid from one point to another, some times against the load.
There are different types of pumps available on different classifications and are shown in the
below given chart.

Machining refers to the use of tools to remove excess material from a given work and
convert it to required shape size and surface finish.
In most of the machining processes the work–tool will be kept in such a way that they form
an obstruction to the movement to each other. The harder tool will over come this obstruction
by removing the part of work that stands as a restriction to its smooth movement.

It is the application of computers in manufacturing integrating it to almost all the available
facilities.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing also called CIM may be defined as a computer system
in which the peripherals will be robots, machine tools, and other processing equipments. CIM is
an integration of different branches of engineering such as Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics
and even Information Technology.

Welding is the process of joining of two metals using heat generated by different sources
welding can be done by introducing a new metal or on the existing ones. Some of them are
described below. In welding the temperature at the required points are raised and they are made
to fuse together.

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