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This book teaches you, how to program in C++. C++ is a language which supports 'object-oriented programming'. Now the question that arises is 'Why do we need object-oriented programming ?' The answer is explained in this chapter and is compared with the procedural approach of a language like C, Pascal etc. If you find this discussion, somewhat abstract, there is no need to worry as we will focus on each topic later in this book.

So far we have discussed the similarities and advantages of 'C++' over 'C' language. We have also discussed the overview of 'OOPS' concept'> , which we will learn in detail in later chapters. In this chapter we will guide you about how to set up your 'turbo C++' and how to work under ;Integrated Development Environment (IDE)'.

In any language, one should know some fundamentals which can be learnedby writing very elementary programs. This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts like input/output (1/0), type- casting, conversion concepts etc.

In normal day-to-day programming, all the programs cannot be executed in strict order from beginning to end. Most of the programs decide to respond according to the decisions taken by the program which is instructed by the programmer in the form of conditional statements.

We have seen the inbuilt variables like int, char and float . These type of variables represent one item of information at a time. C++ has a way to construct user-defined datatype called as 'structure'. The 'structure' consists of a group of datatypes.

A function groups a number of program statements into a unit and gives it a name. This unit can be called and involved from any part of the main( ) program.

Now we have reached the topic that you are waiting for : classes and objects. We have already learnt about structures; it provides a way to group data variables and functions to organize program action and provide modularity to the program code.

In our daily life, it is our common tendency to group similar things into one unit. Similarly, we can group several elements of same data-type in single unit called as array in C and C++. For example, I 00 integer numbers are to be stored in one variable, it can be done using a mecha-nism of array.

Actually, use of pointers provides an essential tool for increasing the power of C++. It creates the data structures like linked lists and binary trees. It is also used in virtual functions as 'this' pointer.

Polymorphism is one of the most exciting features of object-oriented programming. It can perform different functions and give different' meanings to some 'function code' and the operator. So it is also called the operator overloading.

Inheritance is the most powerful feature of 'OOPS' concept. But, what is inheritance ? Inheritance is a process of creating new classes, called as 'derived classes' from an existing class called as 'base class'.

'Virtual' means existing in effect but not in reality. So a 'virtual function' is the one that does not really exist but appears real to some parts of program.

When one comes to real life programming, it becomes an acute necessity to write and read the programs from disk files.

Turbo C++ and Borland C++ include an extensive collection of graphics-oriented library functions. With these functions, you can make almvst any type of graphics and sound in 'DOS' mode. You can also make objects with the help of object-oriented programming.

In previous chapters, we have seen each and every aspect of C++ including graphics. However, all the programs in previous chapters consist of a single file. But in real-life applications, all the programs not necessarily consist of single file only. So here, we introduce the concept of programming using 'multi files'.

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