Introduction-CHEMICAL PROJECT ECONOMICS
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Chemical projects have a special status in sustainable development
of our society because we need chemicals in several forms such as pharmaceuticals, textiles, dyes, soap, detergents, cosmetics, food preservatives, fertilisers, fuels, metals, synthetic fibre, plastics, and so on. Without chemicals our life may become primitive and so we need plants and units to manufacture chemicals. Chemical plants deal with physico-chemical transformation of raw materials into value-added products with the help of various resources such as manpower, energy, water, space and money.The entire chemical manufacturing process could be a judicious combination of various unit processes and unit operations. For instance, in a refinery, crude oil is separated into various fractions, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, gasoline (petrol), kerosene, high-speed diesel and so on, by a series of distillation columns (distillation as unit operation). On the other hand, during the conversion of naphtha into aromatics, namely, benzene, toluene and xylenes (o, m and p), we use aromatisation as a unit process, then extraction followed by distillation as unit operations to recover the aromatics